Access specifiers in Java are keywords that define the visibility or accessibility of classes, methods, and fields within a Java program. There are four access specifiers in Java: public, private, protected, and default (package-private).
Public
The public access specifier allows unrestricted access to the associated class, method, or field. It can be accessed from any other class or package, promoting high visibility.
Private
The private access specifier restricts access to the declared class, method, or field within the same class. It ensures encapsulation, preventing direct access from external classes.
Protected
The protected access specifier allows access within the same package and by subclasses, even if they are in different packages. It provides a balance between encapsulation and extensibility.
Default (Package-Private)
If no access specifier is specified, the default (package-private) access is assumed. It restricts access to classes, methods, or fields to the same package, ensuring encapsulation within the package.
        Access specifiers play a crucial role in encapsulation, controlling the visibility of components in a Java program. They help maintain code integrity, security, and facilitate the design of well-structured and modular applications. Proper use of access specifiers is fundamental for building maintainable and scalable Java code.